In countries where online card payments are subject to two factor authentication (e.g. India), card number + expiry date + CVV serves as the first factor. Mobile OTP is the most well understood second factor but it’s not the only one: Verified by Visa (VbV) / MasterCard Secure Code (MSC) password can also be used as the second factor of authentication.

VbV and MSC are both static passwords – the cardholder sets it once and keeps using the same password for all online card payments. That’s unlike Mobile OTP, which is different from one transaction to another.

A dynamic password like Mobile OTP surely provides more security for the transaction but it also adds friction and a point of failure. If mobile network signal is weak where the user is attempting the payment, the user won’t receive the Mobile OTP and the transaction can’t be completed. VbV / MSC provide an alternative way to complete the transaction.