{"id":68,"date":"2007-12-31T23:38:48","date_gmt":"2007-12-31T23:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/?p=68"},"modified":"2010-04-05T18:00:04","modified_gmt":"2010-04-05T08:00:04","slug":"is-business-class-worth-it-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/2007\/12\/31\/is-business-class-worth-it-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The True Worth of Business Class Travel"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">The recent Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing of MaxJet re-ignites discussions over the value proposition of business class travel in general and of business-class-only airlines in particular.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Any discussion over value proposition of business class has to be set in the backdrop of its cost. A quick check on a travel website (e.g. Expedia) would show that a business class ticket typically costs around 5x of an economy \/ coach class one in the case of a multiclass airlines like <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">British Airways<\/strong>, <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\">Lufthansa<\/strong>, <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">Singapore Airlines<\/strong> or <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">Jet Airways<\/strong>. In case of business-class-only airlines like <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">EOS<\/strong> and <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">Silverjet<\/strong>, the multiple is a more modest 3-3.5x. See table below for details.<\/p>\n<table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes\">\n<td style=\"padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; border: windowtext 1pt solid;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Sl. No.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Sector<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Departing<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Returning<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Economy Class (GBP)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Business Class (GBP)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Business : Economy Multiple<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">Source<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:1\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-JFK<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">4-Jan-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">7-Jan-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">653<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">2323<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3.5:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">expedia.co.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:2\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-JFK<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">4-Jan-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">7-Jan-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">NA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1621<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">2.5:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">eosairlines.com<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:3\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-JFK<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">285<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1472<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">5.1:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">expedia.co.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:4\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-JFK<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">NA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1386<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">4.8:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">eosairlines.com<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:5\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-BOM<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">461<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1639<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3.6:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">expedia.co.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:6\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">JFK-LTN<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">NA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1100<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3.9:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">silverjet.com<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:7\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LTN-DXB<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">309<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1108<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3.6:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">expedia.co.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:8;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes\">\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 23.7pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"32\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">LHR-SIN<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">1-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3-Feb-2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">664<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">3241<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 56.05pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"75\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">4.9:1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; width: 66.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; border-top: medium none; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; padding-top: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;\" width=\"89\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size:8.0pt;font-family:Arial\">expedia.co.uk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Traditionally, airlines have sought to provide better value to their business class travelers by giving them a superior in-flight experience by way of<span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\">\u00a0<\/span> personal video, 180\u00b0 flat bed, more attentive service by employing a higher steward-to-passenger ratio in the business class cabin, and so on.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Following 9\/11 and the heightened security measures that came in its wake, passengers faced long queues on the ground for check-in and security checks. This made the pre-boarding process quite painful. Airlines seized this opportunity to boost business class value by alleviating much of the pain through dedicated check-ins (e.g. <strong>Silverjet&#8217;s<\/strong> 30-minute check-in), separate security checking queues (e.g. <strong style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">FastTrack<\/strong> at London Heathrow) and luxurious lounges for business class travelers. As a few airlines (e.g. <strong>Emirates,<\/strong> <strong>Jet Airways<\/strong> and <strong>Singapore Airlines<\/strong>) started offering personal video even in economy class, airlines had to offer even more value to justify their business class ticket prices. Many of them are doing that by offering better post-flight conveniences like separate immigration queues and dedicated baggage handling for business class passengers at their destinations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Speed and convenience seem to be the common themes for delivering better value for business class travelers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Of course, some things can never be different &#8211;\u00a0it takes the same 8-9 hours to fly from London to Mumbai (Bombay) regardless of whether you fly economy or business class!<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Given that\u00a0reality, most business class travelers would find enough value-add if only airlines can cook up some anti-jetlag potion exclusively for their business class passengers!!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The recent Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing of MaxJet re-ignites discussions over the value proposition of business class travel in general and of business-class-only airlines in particular. Any discussion over value&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sketharaman.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}